TRANSLATION

1. The definitions of Translation

The definitions of translation are many and varied for examples: According to Catford (1978: 20) says that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL ).

Besides, Savory (1966 : 31 ) says that translation is made possible by an equivalence of thought that lies behind Its different verbal expression.

Translation consists reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in term of style, ( Nida, 1974 : 12 ). While Finback ( 1977:7 ) says that translation is process of finding a target language equivalent for an source language utterance

Translation is the rendering of a source language ( SL ) text into the target language ( TL ) so as ensure that ( 1 ) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and ( 2 ) the structures of the source language will be preserved a closely as possible but no so closely that target language structures will be seriously distorted. Mc Guire ( 1980 ) in Muhyidin (1997 : 7).

Finally, Translation is a consisting in the attempt to replace a written message or statement in another language, Newmark ( 1981: 7).

From the above definition we see the word equivalent is used by Catford, Savory, Nida and Pinhuck. While Mc Guire uses the word similar which is synonymous to the word equivalent? Whereas textual material ( Catford ), SL text ( Me Guire ), written message ( Newmark ) and SL message ( Nida ) are synonymous to indicate something to be translated into TL. And replacement ( Catford ) and reproducing ( Nida ) derive from replace and reproduce which are synonymous. The world is replaced by Newmark.

By studying those definition above, the writer can conclude that the translation is a process, where the translator or interpreter replaces or transfers a text in one language (source language) by equivalent material in another language (target language), whether the language is written or spoken in any kind in meaning and style.

2. Ways of Translating

Catford (1978:21) states that there are three ways of translation related to rank of grammatical hierarchies, namely:

a. Word - ford - word translation

Word-ford-word translation is usually difficult to be understood by readers. This type of translation only changes the words taken from the source language and the translator does not express words in the target language, so the result may be different from the original source language texts. The following is an example taken from “teknik membaca text book penerjemahan” (Kamil, 1982 : 62). “Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is talking, and can accept it if he wishes, although he may be the thousands of miles away”. The text may be translated into Indonesia : “cara komunikasi yang modern sedemikian cepatnya sehingga pembeli dapat menemukan harga apa seseorang penjual minta dan seorang pembeli dapat menerima harga itu apabila ia menghendaki walaupun ia berada ribuan mil jauhnya.”

b. Literal Translation

Concerning with literal translation, Catford (1978 : 25) states that: A literal translation is useful if one is studying the structure of the source text as in interlinear translation. But a literal translation does not communicate the meaning of source text (since the translation attempts to Mow of me source language).

Literal translation may proceed from a word-ford-word translation bat makes changes in conformity with the target language grammar. This type of translation may be in group or clause-clause translation. The following is an example of group - group or clause - clause translation taken from Kamil (1982:63).

"Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer / what / price / is asking / and can accept it / if he wishes / although he / may be / thousands of miles way."

The Indonesian translation may be:

"Alat komunikasi modem / sedemikian cepatnya / sduagga pembeli / dapat menemufcan / harga apa seorang penjual / minta ? Dan seorang pembeli dapat menerima harga itu / Apabila ia kehendaki / walaupun ia mungkin / berada di ribuan mil jauhnya."

c. Free Translation

Free translation emphases on the message which is expressed in die source. Language text in the translation, the translator expresses his own words. A free translation is very important because it will provide that is to be understood by readers. In this type of translation, the translator may add or omit some of words if it is important So the resulted messages will not be different from die original text. The following is an example from kamil’s texts ( 1982 : 63 ): "Modern means of communication are so rapid that a buyer can discover what price a seller is asking can accept it if he wishes although he may be thousands of miles.”

The Indonesian translation may be:

"Alat komunikasi modem sangat cepat, sehingga seorang pembeli dapat mengetahai berapa harga yang diminta oleb seorang penjuaJ atati dapat menerisaa harga tersebut, bilamana ia naenghendakinya walau ia berada sangat jauh."

One of application of free translation is translation of idioms. As stated Dixon ( 1971:11 ) idiom is an expression which has a meaning different from that of the individual component parts. This definition explains that idiom can not be translated literally from language into another language without something missing in its meaning and connotation. Idiom is considered an important thing in translating English text books.

3. Types of Transition

Roman Jacobson distinguishes three types of translation (Jacobson, 1959: 234)

1. Intra lingual translation or rewording.

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language, e.g. paraphrasing

2. Inter lingual translation or translation proper

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language, e.g. the replacement of SL test in to the TL equivalent.

3. Inter semiotic mm sly lion or translation

It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of sign system , e.g., from verbal art into music, dance, cinema, or panning.

4. How to translate (the Liang Gie H. G De Moar, English passage for translated).

a. The text., read over the passage two or three times to get a clear graps of the general meaning of the whole and relations of the part. The process of translation involves three steps:

1. Reading and understanding the passage

2. Absorbing its entire content and making i£ our own.

3. Expressing it in our idiom with the least possible change in meaning or tone

b. The sentence, remember that the smallest unit expression is in the sentence, not the world. A single word does sot by it self convey a meaning it expresses an idea, but not a thought. Just as we have to combined ideas into thought in order to think, so world are combined into sentences to express our thought. A world derives its significance only form the context in which if is used: it has no fixed meaning of its own. Even a sentence partly derives its full meaning from its neigh boring sentence, for the various parts of a continuous prose passage influence each other.

c. The letter, be faithful to the original and give the truth, the whole truth, and nothing hot the truth. No important idea must appear in the translation, unless it appears m the original. No significant detail of the original must be omitted from the translation.

d. The spirit, consider carefully in what spirit or mood the original is writtea If its style is familiar in your translation ; if elevated give to your translation should not to read like translation.

e. The Indonesian, a translation sboald not read like translation. The Indonesian rendering should not remind one of the English original., but should read exactly as if it had come straight iroin the student mind. It should read literate piece of original composition. The translation must express the whole meaning of the original, but it must do this without sacrificing its claim to be good, idiomatic Indonesian,

5. The Translation Process (Dr. Ronald H. Bafbgatc ** a survey of translation theory)

a. Tuning, by this mean getting the feel of the test to be translated. Depending on their iiield of work, translators need to be able to produce the language of a poet or novelist, lawyer or economist, research physicist or factory manager, advertising copy writer or biblical prophet. If the text is difficult or of the type which is not so femiliar to the translator, he may want to read some background literature or consult the author { if available ) or some other adviser.

b. Analysis, the translator has attuned his mind to the frame work of the text to be translated; he will take each sentence in turn and split up into translatable unit's words or phrases. They will also establish the syntactic relations between the various elements of sentence. At some points in this phrase ( or the understanding or terminology phrase ).

c. Understanding, after having split up the sentence to be translated into its element, the translator will generally put it together again in a form which he can understand or respon to emotionally the extent to which he can do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter. There has been a great deal of discussion about the extent to which a translator should be able to understand the text he translate about how much attention he should pay to the content as apposed to "form". It seems obvious that doe attention to both form and content is essential.

d. Terminology, the next step is to consider the key words and phrases in the sentences make sure that a part from understanding them and feeling what they imply, one has translation for them which is in line with standardized usage and neither misleading, ridiculous nor offensive for the target language reader.

e. Restructuring, when all the break needed for the edifice of the target language text have been gathered or made, the translator will fir them together in a form which is an accordance with good usage in target language.

f. Checking, the translator will doubtless check his draft translation for typing errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or more correct, translation. In addition, it is quite common for someone other than translator to read through the finished translation and make or suggest changes- It still happens too often that the corrector, while improving the content of the target language text, introduces blemishes in the form which are then published under the translator’s name.

g. Discussion, for this reason, a good way to end the translation process the subject matter. On the other hand, it is sometimes necessary to point out to translator that key should not work in isolation, and to help them in acquiring the social skills needed for such discussion.